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Once you have made the DATA_DUMP_DIR variable part of your operating system environment, you don t need to specify the actual directory name (data_dump_dir2, in this example) explicitly (by using the DIRECTORY parameter) when you perform a Data Pump export As shown in the following example, you merely need to specify the name, not the location, for the DUMPFILE parameter First, create the directory data_dump_dir2 object, as follows: SQL> CREATE DIRECTORY data_dump_dir2 AS '/u01/app/oracle/datapump/dumpfiles_02';.

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Next, export the environment variable DATA_PUMP_DIR, with the value data_dump_dir2. $ export DATA_PUMP_DIR data_dump_dir2 Now, you can perform the export without explicitly using the DIRECTORY parameter, since its value is saved in the DATA_PUMP_DIR environment variable. You merely use the DUMPFILE parameter, and the employees.dmp file will be located in the directory /u01/app/oracle/datapump/ dumpfiles_02. $ expdp salapati/password TABLES=employees DUMPFILE=employees.dmp

Now that we have reviewed the various ways you can specify a directory object for a Data Pump job, you may wonder how Oracle knows which location to use in case there is a conflict. You can have a situation where you specified a DATA_DUMP_DIR environment variable, but you then also specify a DIRECTORY parameter for the export job. Here s the order of precedence for directory objects: 1. Oracle looks to see if you specified a directory name as part of a file-related parameter (for example, the LOGFILE parameter). Remember that, in these cases, the directory object is separated from the filename by a colon (:). 2. Oracle s second choice is to see if you specified a directory object during the export or import job by using the DIRECTORY parameter (DIRECTORY=dpump_dir1 . . .). If you explicitly specify the DIRECTORY parameter, you don t need to use the directory name as part of a file-related parameter. 3. If you aren t using an explicit directory object or using the DIRECTORY parameter, Oracle checks whether the Data Pump Export and Import clients are using the environment variable DATA_PUMP_DIR. 4. Finally, Oracle looks to see if there is a default server-based directory object named DATA_PUMP_DIR. As noted earlier, Oracle automatically creates this directory when you create a new Oracle Database 10g Release 2 database, or when you upgrade to this version. Note that the default DATA_DUMP_DIR object is available only to DBAs and other privileged users. The directory object name resolution simply means that Oracle knows which directory it should be using to read or write data files. However, you must have already granted the database read/write privileges at the operating system level in order to enable the database to actually use the operating system files.

Notice that there is a fairly significant difference between the two environments. For instance, the PATH variable in the cron job environment doesn t have nearly as many directories to search, which can easily break a script because of the assumption that the paths available in the interactive shell environment are available for the cron job. The system cron daemon automatically sets the environment variables that make up the minimal environment. It sets SHELL to /bin/sh, and PATH to /usr/bin:/bin. The USER, LOGNAME, and HOME variables are set based on your entry in the passwd file. That s all you get in the default cron environment. In the following slightly modified version of the example cron job, note the addition of the command to source the .profile file, which sets up some environment parameters prior to running the command. The additional command adds a more useful environment to the cron job:

All Oracle users can use the Data Pump utilities by default. However, you must have the special privileges EXP_FULL_DATABASE and IMP_FULL_DATABASE to perform advanced tasks. The granting of these roles will make you a privileged user, with the capability to perform the following tasks: Export and import database objects owned by any user Attach to and modify jobs started by other users Use all the new remapping capabilites during a Data Pump Import job

The Data Pump Export and Import utilities use several processes to perform their jobs, including the key master and worker processes, as well as the shadow process and client processes. Let s look at these important Data Pump processes in detail.